Respondeat superior Essay

?1. Provide an overview of the respondeat superior legal doctrine and explain its significance in the health care industry. Additionally, explain at least two defenses to this legal doctrine. Your initial post must be a minimum of 250-300 words. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts. The respondeat superior is a legal doctrine that holds the employers legally responsible for any wrongful acts caused by their employees. The employer is liable for any injuries caused by their employee to their patients. A health care organization can be held liable for any unjust acts their employees cause. â€Å"A hospital has vicarious liability for the negligence of its nurses, which allows a patient to bring a lawsuit against either the nurse individually or the hospital as the employer, or both (Giordano, 2003). It is up to the health care organization to ensure a staff that promotes ethical care and who are competent in their job. â€Å"A hospital has a duty to the patient to ensure the competency of its nursing staff and the physicians who maintain privileges at its institution† (Giordano, 2003). It is important that the health care organization maintains a place that revolves around safety for the protection of their patients and visitors. â€Å"Failure to do so may create institutional liability on the part of the hospital† (Giordano, 2003). One of the defenses should be providing adequate care to all patients by monitoring them more often and providing them with the right dosage of medications when needed. â€Å"In medication administration, the 5 R’s are often cited: right patient, right drug, right route, right dose, and right time. All too often 1 or more of these â€Å"rights† are violated, and a patient is injured† (Giordano, 2003). Another defense would be that the health care organization should train all staff upon hire and implement all rules and guidelines and advise them that any misconduct will result in termination. Malpractice cannot be avoided but they can be reduced (Giordano, 2003). Giordano, K. (2003). Examining nursing malpractice: A defense attorney’s perspective. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Critical Care Nurse, 23, 104-107. Retrieved from http://ccn. aacnjournals. org/content/23/2/104. full. pdf

The Difference Between Natural Law and Legal Positivism

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL LAW AND LEGAL POSITIVISM This essay is going to discuss and analyse the differences between two basic principles- natural law and legal positivism. According to Hume, there are two realms of human enquiry , one in the field of facts which is concerned with what ‘ is ‘ actually the case and the other in the field of ‘ought’ that is, what ought to be the case1.Those who believe in the principle of natural law are known as naturalists while those who believe in the principle of legal positivism or ‘positive law’ are known as positivists. This is a brief overview of the two principles of natural law and legal positivism. Natural Law Natural Law started with the ancient Greeks and suggested that there was a higher power in control of human existence. Natural law deals with the combination of law and morals and is sourced from religion, culture and reason. It is the means by which human beings can rationally guide themsel ves to their good and it is based on the structure of reality itself.All human beings possess a basic knowledge of the principles of natural law. Naturalists believe ‘ an unjust law is not a law’. Doherty said ‘One of the classical theories of natural law is that there are certain principles of human conduct, awaiting discovery by human reason, with which man-made laws must conform if it is to be valid’2 Natural law is what ‘ought’ to be. Some natural law thinkers were Hobbes, Locke, Finnis, Fuller and Aquinas. Aquinas set the pattern of modern natural law thinking. He divided law into four categories-eternal law, divine law, natural law and human law.The first precept of the natural law, according to Aquinas, is the imperative to do good and avoid evil. ‘Aquinas believed that human laws that do not correspond to the natural law are corruptions of law. These are human laws that lack the character of law that binds moral conscience’ 3 The term ‘natural law’is ambiguous in that it refers to a type of moral theory as well as a legal theory. 1 2 Dennis Lloyd The Idea Of Law(1964)p. 80 Michael Doherty Jurispudence:The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2004)p. 132 3 Ibid p. 151 UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9BLegal Positivism Legal positivism has to do with the seperation of laws and morals. ‘Legal positivism is a philosophy of law that emphasizes the conventional nature of law-that it is socially constructed. According to legal positivism, ‘law is synonymous with positive norms, that is, norms made by the legislator or considered as common law or case law’4 Some positivists were Bentham, Austin, Hart and Kelsen and they all had different theories. Bentham- utility, Austin- commands, Hart- rules, Kelsen- norms. Legal positivism is of the view that morality is irrelevant to the identification of what is valid law.Bentham referred to natural law is ‘nonsense on stilts’. He said the test of good or evil in an act is its utility and that the ‘greatest happiness of the greatest number’ is the social test of what is moral conduct. Austin’s particular theory of law is often called the ‘command theory’ The three basic points of Austin’s theory were- the law is a command issued by the uncommanded commander , the commands are backed by threats and a sovereign is one who is habitually obeyed. Kelsen was of the view that the only law is positive law, that which is the product of the will of the people, there are no natural laws therefore.Positivists believe that law is linked with the sovereignty. ‘According to Bentham and Austin, law is a phenomenon of large societies with a sovereign: a determinate person or group who have supreme and absolute de facto power –they are obeyed by all or most others but do not themselves simi larly obey anyone else’5 Positivists say ‘ought’ is important but should be seperate and one should avoid trying to derive an ought from an is. Natural lawyers believe that law is necessarily connected to morality, whereas legal positivists deny that. This is the major difference between positivist and natural law thinkers.Natural law is the combination of laws and morals while legal positivism is the seperation of laws and morals. Legal positivism declares that morality is irrelevant to the identification of what is valid law and that the criteria for the validity of a legal rule or law in a society is that it has the warrant of the sovereign and will be enforced by the sovereign and its agents. Raz, a positivist, stated that ‘the validity of a law can never depend on its morality’ 6 Positive law or positivism is 4 5 www. iep. utm. edu/legalpos/ [April 17 2001][accessed 4th November 2012] Plato. tandford. edu/entries/legal-positivism/ [2003][accesse d 4th November 2012] 6 Joseph Raz The Authority Of Law: Essays On Law And Morality(1979)p. 47 UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9B different from natural law because ‘ it calls for a certain measure of regularity of observance for without this feature, it would hardly be entitled to rank as law at all. A natural law on the other hand may stll be held to be valid even if it is never or scarcely even observed. 7 Legal positivism will only work in a community where it is widely accepted. Hart suggested that the legal system is a ‘closed’ logical system where decisions may be deduced by logic. For natural lawyers- laws will be morally correct. For positivists- the moral aspect is a social standard for people to aspire to. Another major difference between the principle of natural law and the principle of legal positivism is that natural law is not constructed by human beings while legal p ositivism is constructed by humanbeings through the statedraws from lawmakers and the process of lawmaking. There are two aspects, therefore, that emphasise the contrast between positivism in its caricatured form and natural law theores. First,law is exclusively the premise of the legal caste(incluing legilsators) This deprives law of any spurious claims of intrinsic morality and ensures the individual’s right to his own conscience, while reserving the legal system’s right to punish him for transgressing. Secondly, it allows for precise statements about the nature of valid law which approximate to the lawyers’ experience. 8 Natural law is unwritten while legal positivism consists of the written rules and regulations by the government- codes, acts. Another distinction is that natural law is ‘the order of conviviality(literally, the order of living together)’9 – the conditions of conviviality are universal. Legal positivism on the other hand is specific to a particular area. ‘While positivism states that the concept of law is simply what the legal system in a given society recognizes as law, naturalisation considers law to be an ideal, commonly shared by human societies’10Natural law follows a test.If it fails the moral test, then it is not good law. Positivism doesn’t follow that test. Some laws may lack in morals but still be ‘good’ law. Despite the distinctions between natural law and legal positivism, there is a necessary connection between the two principles. Natural law flows into legal 7 8 Dennis Lloyd The Idea of Law(1964)p. 97 Michael Doherty Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 155 9 http://users. ugent. e/frvandun/Texts [no date][accessed 4th November 2012] 10 Michael Doherty Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 155 UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9B po sitivism indirectly because it is impossible to have a legal system without fidelity to the rule of law and formal justice. ‘The connection between law and critical morality is necessary in that it is not contingent. It applies to every law and every legal system.The proposed interpretation of every law in every legal system can easily be challenged on the ground that it is not morally defensible, whether the challenge succeeds or fails in a particular instance’11Any positive law that conflicts with natural law is not really law at all. As a result of this, there is no moral or legal obligation to obey it. People will not follow a law that they think is morally repulsive. A rule is legally valid if there’s a moral right to enforce it. If people do not have morals or reason, it will be factually hard to have a legal system.Radbruch said ‘a law could not be legally valid until it had passed the tests contained in the formal criteria of legal validity of the s ystem and did not contravene basic principles of morality’12 Natural law and legal positivism are undoubtedly interwined and inter-related. ‘The values of fairness, equity, justice, honesty, humanity, dignity, prudence, abstention from violence and a host of other values that conduce to cooperation and coexistence play a prominent role in the law even when they are not incorporated in any formal source of law. 13 In conclusion,’in order to know what your legal rights are, you need to look at what laws your society has. In order to know what your moral rights are, you need to figure out what is the true morality. ’ 14 Adaeze Aseme. 11 12 Users. ox. ac. uk/~all. s0079/positivism2. pdf [no date][accessed 4th November 2012] Michael Doherty Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 157 13 Ibid. P. 39 14 Michael Doherty Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2004)p. 39 UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9BBIBLIOGRAPHY Books Lloyd, Dennis, The Idea Of Law(1967) Raz, Joseph, The Authority Of Law: Essays on Law And Morality(1979) Doherty, Michael, Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003,2004) Internet Sources www. iep. utm. edu/legalpos/ [April 17 2001][accessed 4th November 2012] Plato. standford. edu/entries/legal-positivism/ [2003][accessed 4th November 2012] http://users. ugent. be/frvandun/Texts [no date][accessed 4th November 2012] Users. ox. ac. uk/~all. s0079/positivism2. pdf [no date][accessed 4th November 2012]

ABC Ltd. companys valuation report Research Paper

ABC Ltd. companys valuation report - Research Paper Example Such industries include; business management, food, healthcare, as well as the entertainment industry. The shares of ABC Ltd. are held privately by various shareholders. The company operates worldwide and is also a major provider of digital telephony and data services. Even though it is a new player in the communications industry, the company is recording good progress in the communications industry. It enjoys a market presence in many countries globally. ABC extends capital markets, strategic direction as well as general management oversight to all its subsidiaries (Antill & Lee 2008). ABC Ltd. has a long term strategy of helping all its subsidiaries to change the of communications industry worldwide. As it keeps increasing its capacity and gaining more market share, it values creating mass and market reach (Antill & Lee 2008). It is also being considered a substitute provider of telecommunications that dominate the world today. ABC Ltd. is committed to enabling the development of a technical communications infrastructure which will be considered and appreciated globally as world-class. The company’s mission is precise and concise, â€Å"Enabling the future is our priority.† The valuation is based on a six years of critical analysis on the company’s performance. It focuses on ascertaining the company’s net sales, net revenue, gross profits, total operating expenses, total costs and net income annually (Antill & Lee 2008). The valuation is conducted from 2009 to 2014 financial years.

Strategic Warehouse Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Warehouse Management - Assignment Example It can assist in an entity monitor and keep track of the quantity of finished goods, raw materials and work in process the company the firm holds at hand. To make a decision on stock purchase, production schedule and allocation for warehousing needs the management would require information in the inventory control system. For small business, inventory control system through warehousing can be an efficient channel to keep cost low and efficiently deliver products that meet customer demand. For business involved export and importation warehousing helps in keeping track of the finished goods, which the shipping department uses to control and store products. It is through warehousing and inventory control system that a firm can ship products to its clients efficiently and in a timely way. Business incurs cost in delivery of goods associated with inputs and output. Every business will always aim to cut cost. Warehousing system, therefore, help control cost by controlling the amount of materials the business must keep on hand. Specific requirement are mandatory in designing the warehouse. Considering the fact that it’s a multipurpose store, the designer should be keen on ensuring warehouse space functionality and efficiency and at the same time ensuring safety and comfort-ability of the environment for the employees. Warehouse enhances productivity and control, reduce operating costs, and enhance customer service. The design should also be one that maintain a corporate image and provide for worker satisfaction. The physical aspect in terms of image and esthetics, landscaping and worker safety and comfort, are also very important consideration. First and foremost the design for the warehouse the design be based on the current and future needs of the firm. The design should be able to facilitate changes in business or agency growth, and size of staff of officers required to

CLOUD COMPUTING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CLOUD COMPUTING - Research Paper Example SQL injection or cross site scripting vulnerabilities have a high probability, as Google docs are one of the victims of them (Singh & Sharma, 2011). Moreover, threat of phishing is also always available, as automated emails and messages on cloud based applications can steal passwords, personal credentials and other personal information. Organization’s authentication and authorization policy do not addresses cloud security issues. In spite of having several security controls integrated within the cloud based applications, only a password is required to breach into the cloud based application. One of the recent security breaches of exploiting secure passwords that is called as Twitter gate (Singh & Sharma, 2011). Moreover, virtual machines on a single physical machine are shared with multiple instances. Every instance is connected to the Internet or virtual tunnels. This concludes, if a single machine is compromised, all the instances available in that machine are also compromis ed. In addition, risk of data corruption or storage that may not limited to memory storage, random access memory storage is also in the scope of cloud computing vulnerabilities (Singh & Sharma, 2011). 2 Cloud Computing Storage Issues The storage of cloud computing requires a lot of space, in fact humongous data centers where data is collected and managed. These data centers pose several threats and security risk that may impact these data storage machines. The threat may be from a professional hacker and also in the form of the cloud provider itself, if data is not adequately dealt with. A minor security incident or misconfiguration can lead to a system failure or unavailability. (OGIGAU-NEAMTIU, 2012) Moreover, another security breach occurred in 2009, password of an employee working on Twitter was hacked that resulted in breaching the email security questions page that was located in the Google apps account (Talbot 2010). In relation to that, one more incident occurred when data w as erased from one million T-mobile smart phones due to a server failure that was managing the data of these smart phones (Talbot 2010).As Peter Mell, who is a team lead of cloud security team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) says, public cloud computing models are more vulnerable to threats, as every customer has access to a broad range of services and levels. Therefore, if any one of the services is breached, they gain access to all the data. As cloud-computing usage is increasing with its connection to the public through an Internet, new opportunities also originate for hackers, cyber terrorists, viruses and worms. These threats will increase and focus on cloud computing enables services and applications for stealing classified data, denial of service attacks on data centers etc. ‘Google apps’ is the major player in the market for providing ‘SaaS’, it was attacked and hacked. The report from cyber forensics indicated that the attacks were originated from China (Bisong & Rahman, 2011). The security and privacy in cloud computing are associated with data storage and data protection. Moreover, monitoring the utilization of resources available on the cloud by the service providers is also included. In order to secure the data in the cloud, it can be stored internally in the organization’s premises. (Talbot, 2012) Moreover, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in the US and Data Protection directives along with the EU are only two compliances from many other compliance concerns

Discipleship in the Gospel of Matthew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Discipleship in the Gospel of Matthew - Essay Example he concept of discipleship will be explored and subsequently validated through comparisons to the role of faith, devotional learning and ministry within contemporary Christian communities. The English word disciple customarily denotes a follower, adherent or student of a great master, religious leader or teacher.2 Discipleship, in relation to the teachings of New Testament principles, focuses around Christs establishment of a group of individuals who digest, adopt and consequently administer these lessons to other individuals for the sake of promoting Christian doctrine. Moreover, a primary objective of Christs ministry was to appoint citizens of the community of Israel to the role of disciple where, as He preached and educated them regarding His new covenant, these newly selected ministers were moved to faith for the sake of servitude to Christianity.3 It is crucial to highlight the fundamental principles of new Christian doctrine, as Jesus teachings offered a radical reinterpretation of scripture and Jewish tradition whereby He frames the invitation to an abundant life within a new Christian community through a calling to rigorous discipleship.4 In the New Testament, Christ administers His absolute authority to promote a new doctrine for acceptable living by citing His relationship as the appointed messenger of God. Through His teachings, those who were appointed as disciples formed the nucleus of the modern church and that the pattern of the relationship between Christ and his disciples was essential for the establishment of a communion between the risen Lord and members of His church.5 Thus, discipleship can from God through Christ. It is within the Gospel of Matthew where elements of discipleship are most apparent which point toward the goals of adherents to Christianity and the role of disciples in promoting Christian morality and Gods law for the sake of building not only the modern church, but in establishing salvation for others through ministry. The

Culture and Spirituality - Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture and Spirituality - Discussion - Essay Example e right to be respected for his or her cultural heritage and that nurses require information about patient’s culture to be able to give sensitive care. The Yoruba spiritual system has one particular trait in that it stresses on extremely ancient African tradition of connecting with natural forces and its ancestral realm in order to better ones life .Its rooted deep in divination that has similarities to philosophical beliefs like those found in Chinese in the I Ching. The Yoruba culture believes in the existence of divinities and spiritual beings. They call the beings Orishas who are ancestors whose great actions earned them divinity .They are contacted when a ‘bembe’ priest is possessed spiritually. The possession by the Orishas is part of the religious ritual and acts as a means of communicating with their God. The spirits are seen as intermediaries between humankind and the supernatural. The Yoruba culture is importance since they believe that Orishas helps an individual in determining their personal destiny and their success since the spirits run through all inanimate, living and all things. Therefore, patients may require that priest be brought to summon the gods for healing. Nurses should therefore be aware of the patient’s culture and fully respect it. (Eggenberger, 2006, pp 34) Deep spiritual seeking are universal traits and most of them come from divination. The Chinese culture mostly looks upwards towards heavenly bodies like the planets and stars not only to understand seasons but for signs to acquire divine will. The Yoruba culture and divination uses bones for rituals. The Chinese Taoists uses patterns on tortoise shells that eventually evolve into hexagons of the I Ching. This is one of the differences between the two traits. Divination systems are passed down by ancestors’ through sacred heritage. They provide fresh guidance especially during changes in our lives and they are a form of good fortune. It helps individuals to satisfy their

English should be the official language of the United States Essay

English should be the official language of the United States - Essay Example Making English the official language would inspire new immigrants to learn the language of their adopted country. It is impossible to argue against the unifying power of having an official language. Many wealthy and powerful countries (France, Germany, Russia, Portugal, Spain, Italy) have one official language, and this puts them in very good stead when it comes to rallying people to a cause. In addition to unity, finances would be saved because making English the official language would eliminate the direct costs of bilingual education and translators. Such costs often run into billions of dollars, and the majority of it is drawn from local governments’ budgets. For instance, in 2002 in Los Angeles, $15 million, or 15% of the election budget was set aside for the printing of ballots in 7 languages and recruiting bilingual election personnel (Adams & Brink 12). The formation of organizations like U.S English, whose main goal is to push for the adoption of English as the official language of the United States, also shows that the issue needs to be seriously considered (King 495). In addition, there are groups opposed to making English the official language of the United States. It is also worth noting that the undercurrents surrounding the calls for English to be made the official language of the United States have been far much stronger than those opposing it. All those who have supported and tried to vindicate this cause have done so out of worry for the direction the country is headed. Theodore Roosevelt expressed the muted American linguistic-melting-pot theory when he said, â€Å"We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language, for we intended to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house.† And: â€Å"We must have but one flag. We must have but one language. That must be the language of the Declaration of

Common Health Problems found in Horses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common Health Problems found in Horses - Essay Example Asymptomatic treatment akin to humans due to the causes that afflict humans like hidden dust mites, pollens, seasonal changes for asthma or COPD or Chronic obstructive path airway disease, etc. cause the respiratory problems. This condition known as â€Å"pipers† to horse dealers and â€Å"heaves† to the rest can also lead to COPD. (Important Information on Preventing and Treating Heaves, 1998) The common symptoms are the same as humans, which are wheezing, and a persistent cough. Anybody knows that an Asthmatic patient can’t undertake any heavy exercises or exertion and the same rest has to be accorded to the horse you love. Therefore fresh air is of essence and the horse should be taken out into the fresh air from its stable whenever possible. Allergies caused from dust, smoke, pollutants etc. are also the same factors, which can cause allergies in the horse. The symptoms are quite familiar and more exactly described as a horse becoming unwell with like â€Å"tearing eyes, coughing, or raised lumps on the horse’s shoulders†¦. yet can prescribe in some cases of heaves are corticosteroids† (Horse Allergies: Symptoms, Common Causes & Treatments of an Equine Allergy, 1995). Another common problem with horses, apparently healthy is drooling or salivating from the mouth unusually. Called SLUD, which means salivating, lacrimenting, urinating, defecating is a result of eating on fungal infected cloves and legumes. This is can be treated with anti fungal as the symptoms take 2 to 3 days to reveal after the horse has consumed the infected legumes and should be given limited feed of hay and the infected Pasteur should obviously be out of bounds usually again in humid and damp conditions which are most conducive fo r fungal growth. (Horse Saliva Syndrome: A Common Fungal Disease, 1999) Skin rashes and itching are also common in horses where the affected area can also lead a bald patch

Describe the contribution Charles Darwin, August Weismann, Gregor Essay

Describe the contribution Charles Darwin, August Weismann, Gregor Mendel and Frances Crick have made to the study of genetics - Essay Example This theory proposed that all the life on planet Earth, human or non-human is interrelated and has roots to a common ancestor. This means that the life indeed has evolved from non-life i.e. the simple creatures led to the evolvement of complex creatures over time. This all was possible because random genetic mutations were taking place in the genetic code of the living organism. So every complex organism, for instance, the human being, was formed after several successful modifications and mutations took place in the earlier generations. By the natural selection process, the dominant traits would be preserved and carried forwarded to the future generations. As the dominant traits were the beneficial ones they would be transferred ahead, where as the recessive traits would be the non-beneficial ones and they would fail to transfer to the next generation. With this transference of beneficial mutations, the preservation of the functional advantages is there in the offspring. The idea was that such a mechanism existed where any changes in the external stimuli would lead to a change in the external organ and external tissues. This would be further transferred on to the reproductive organs consequently affecting the offspring. Further, the process of natural selection, as proposed by Darwin is a gradual and time-consuming process, which never takes any quantum lea ps. (Darwin, Glick & Kohn 1996) So today, our biological development can be understood by understanding Darwin’s theory. In Darwin’s time, the genetic mutations were just a philosophy. His ideas led to further research which helped the scientists understand that biological development does involve structural changes in the chromosomes. Then August Weismann was a German biologist whose work led him to be one of the pioneers in the study of genetics. Weismann‘s major work revolved around embryonic and postembryonic development of insects. His work was greatly

Abortion Essay Example for Free

Abortion Essay The moral debate about abortion has focused on either the rights of the fetus or the rights of the mother. If the fetus has rights then abortion is immoral and not permissible. If the fetus does not have rights, then abortion is morally acceptable and permissible. If both the mother and the fetus have rights, then either the rights of the fetus have priority, or those of the mother have priority. If that didn’t complicate matters enough, we have those who argue that some fetuses have moral rights while others do not, making abortion sometimes morally permissible and sometimes morally impermissible. The purpose of this essay; to argue that abortion is either always morally permissible or it is always morally impermissible, it cannot be both at the same time. There are two main arguments concerning the morality of abortion. One relates to the moral status of the fetus – whatever that may be, and the other relates to the woman’s right to choose what happens to her body. The moral status of the fetus seems to determine whether or not it has a right to life. On the other hand, the woman’s right to choose raises concerns about whether or not abortion is always justified. Some arguments surrounding the abortion debate focus on the permissibility or impermissibility of abortion based on how the fetus was conceived – mainly rape. Pregnancies as the result of rape seem The main focus should be women who are unwillingly pregnant, because generally speaking they are the ones seeking abortions. There are rare exceptions, such as a woman who is willingly pregnant, but aborts the pregnancy because it is putting her own life at risk, but that is an entirely different argument and will not be discussed here. Instead, we will focus on unwanted pregnancies that are not endangering the life of the woman and how the moral permissibility of aborting these unwanted pregnancies should not rest on how the fetus was conceived.

The Service Culture At Ritz Carlton

The Service Culture At Ritz Carlton This paper mainly presents the service culture at Ritz Carlton. The paper discusses the service culture in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel. This paper covers some background history of the hotel as stated on the corporate website, service strategies golden rules incorporated by the hotel chain. With real life examples taken from interviews by professionals the service culture is illustrated and explained. The purpose of this is to inform and educate what the service culture includes and how Ritz Carlton maintains outstanding service atmosphere in all its branches across the world. This paper also states how Ritz -Carlton executes the service offered as stated in an interview taken by Jankowski. The line-up for which the hotel is known for is also discussed along with employee feedback, empowerment and their focus on service. The heritage of Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. started with The Ritz-Carlton, Boston. The service standard set by this Boston landmark provided a standard for all Ritz-Carlton hotels and resorts across the world. In 1927, Mayor Curley requested Edward N. Wyner, who was a Boston real estate developer, to construct a world-class hotel. During this time, Wyner was constructing an apartment building. He agreed to change the apartment building into a hotel. Wyner was aware both of Ritzs reputation in Europe and Bostons cosmopolitan society and knew that the name would definitely bring success. After getting authorization from The Ritz-Carlton Investing Company and The Ritz Paris for using their name, he started work on the luxury hotel in Boston. The Ritz-Carlton, Boston opened its doors on May 19, 1927 charging $15 per room. As was the tradition of Cesar Ritz, Wyner maintained the privacy of his guests that attracted the elite. This policy is followed till today at all Ritz-Carlton hotels. Considered a private club for rich people, until 1960s the hotel was very formal and hotel guests had to be in the social register or admirable. It was believed that the hotel sometimes checked the quality of writing paper used by the guests when requesting reservations, having refused a few for having used inferior quality. As Boston society was formal, strict dress code was specified for all guests. Even the restaurants were strict regarding who they chose to entertain. The Cafà © did not allow women to lunch alone and until 1970, the Ritz Bar did not allow unescorted women. The hotel had its own upholstery, print shop and an in-house craftsman who was assigned to color gold stripes on the hotels furniture. Many guests were pampered and every care was taken to make them feel special. For Winston Churchill, the rooms fabric on the furniture was redone in red, as it was his favorite color. After Edward Wyner death in 1961, Cabot, Cabot Forbes (land developers) with their chairman and majority stakeholder, Gerald W. Blakely, took over the hotel. To continue with the Ritz legacy, Charles Ritz, son of legendary Cesar Ritz, was appointed on the board of The Ritz-Carlton until his death in 1977. In 1983, Blakely sold the hotel and the rights to William B. Johnson, who then established The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. The Ritz-Carlton logo created by Cesar Ritz is a combination of the British royal seal (the crown) and the logo of a financial backer (the lion). In 1965, Cabot, Cabot and Forbes revised the logo which is used till date. In many Ritz-Carlton hotels and resorts tables are set with the signature cobalt blue glasses which were considered a status symbol in 1920s Boston. These glasses were originally made to go with the blue Czechoslovakian crystal chandeliers present in the original Dining Room in The Ritz-Carlton, Boston. The window glasses which were imported from Europe chemically reacted with Bostons climate and turned blue. Having blue glass windows meant the owners could afford imported glass so Ritz ordered them in blue color (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010). Discussion Gold Standards This is the base on what The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. stands. They cover the values and philosophy on what the hotel bases its operation: The Credo The Motto The Three Steps of Service Service Values The 6th Diamond The Employee Promise 1. The Credo At Ritz-Carlton Hotel genuine care and comfort of guests is of highest importance. Emphasis on providing the finest personal service and facilities for guests is important. Guests are offered a refined ambience which they can experience while relaxing. In their words The Ritz-Carlton experience enlivens the senses, instills well-being, and fulfills even the unexpressed wishes and needs of our guests (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010). 2. Motto At The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C., We are Ladies and Gentlemen serving Ladies and Gentlemen. This motto exemplifies the anticipatory service provided by all staff members (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010). 3. Three Steps of Service A warm and sincere greeting. Use the guests name. Anticipation and fulfillment of each guests needs. Fond farewell. Give a warm good-bye and use the guests name. (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010) Service Values: I Am Proud To Be Ritz-Carlton. These include: I build strong relationships and create Ritz-Carlton guests for life. I am always responsive to the expressed and unexpressed wishes and needs of our guests. I am empowered to create unique, memorable and personal experiences for our guests. I understand my role in achieving the Key Success Factors, embracing Community Footprints and creating The Ritz-Carlton Mystique. I continuously seek opportunities to innovate and improve The Ritz-Carlton experience. I own and immediately resolve guest problems. I create a work environment of teamwork and lateral service so that the needs of our guests and each other are met. I have the opportunity to continuously learn and grow. I am involved in the planning of the work that affects me. I am proud of my professional appearance, language and behavior. I protect the privacy and security of our guests, my fellow employees and the companys confidential information and assets. I am responsible for uncompromising levels of cleanliness and creating a safe and accident-free environment. (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010) The 6th Diamond Mystique (service value 1 to 3), Emotional Engagement (service value 4 to 9) and Functional (service value 10 to 12) (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010) According to Coffman (2006), who led the Ritz Carlton team to define new service value, the middle piece of the Sixth Diamond is reviving the emotions and memories of guests by genuinely caring and making them feel recognized, important and unique. Creating the Mystique happens when we hear guests requests even before the guest knows them, going so above and beyond the call that folklore (wow moments) spreads throughout guests and hotels. The Employee Promise At The Ritz-Carlton, our Ladies and Gentlemen are the most important resource in our service commitment to our guests. By applying the principles of trust, honesty, respect, integrity and commitment, we nurture and maximize talent to the benefit of each individual and the company. The Ritz-Carlton fosters a work environment where diversity is valued, quality of life is enhanced, individual aspirations are fulfilled, and The Ritz-Carlton Mystique is strengthened. (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010) The Lineup In Ritz-Carlton new employees learn the Golden Rules and they spend every day of their employment discussing one of the 20 Basics. This is done during The Lineup which is considered as the hotels most important tool. To illustrate the working of this tool we can imagine an employee who works with the kitchen staff and for initial 10-15 minutes of the day speaks with their team. They like others in the hotel, discuss one of the 20 Basics. A days discussion could center on Basic 10 which states that each employee is empowered. Therefore, when a guest needs help or suggestion, employees should break away from regular duties, address and resolve the issue immediately. Similarly, senior management meets with their top executives and respective teams. Dishwashers, doormen, and maintenance staff meet their groups respectively and discuss the meaning of Basic 10. The discussion revolves around situations, both hypothetically and in present reality. All 25,000 Ritz-Carlton employees act similar in their respective locations. So when the discussion cycle is completed with all Basic 20, the next day, everyone starts all over again, with Basic 1 (Lamton, 2003). Employee Empowerment The word empowerment is believed to be originally thought by the Ritz-Carlton. An amount is fixed on the employees resources for solving a problem immediately, without checking with a supervisor. An employee can use up to $2,000 to find an instant solution to a guests problem. An employee cannot avoid difficult situations by saying that its not their job. One cannot be limited with ones job descriptions when guest satisfaction is at stake. Employees need to step outside job boundaries, and no one questions them when they do so because it is more important to solve the issue (Lamton, 2003). Ongoing Employee Feedback Employees are empowered when occasional problems comeup and the hotels executives support, and reward continuous employee input. The hotel believes that employees are aware of what is happening, and the management must listen to them. The new employees might be asked about their opinion on improving service several times a month. Decisions are made by a small number of management staff and their reports are put into practice without any difficulty. The selection of employees is a team effort too. A supervisor does not hire an employee without taking opinions of candidates potential colleagues nor does Human Resources hire a new employee without group consultation (Lamton, 2003). Telling Wow Stories Stories can be used promote the culture and values of a company. In Ritz Carlton during the lineup, someone reads a wow story of the day. A story is communicated to all hotels in different countries. An employee in New York will hear the same story as an employee in Bali; same for one in Shanghai. These stories focus on a staff person who performs beyond his/her job description and offers a perfect service which creates an aura that alters luxury one time guests into repeat guests. There is a wow story of a family which stayed at the Ritz-Carlton, Bali. This family had carried with them special eggs and milk for their son who was suffering from food allergies. When they arrived they noticed that the eggs were broken and the milk had gone bad. The Ritz-Carlton manager and dining staff tried to look for alternatives in the local market could not find the any suitable items. Luckily the executive chef at this particular resort knew of a store in Singapore that sold them. He immediately got in touch with his mother-in-law, and asked her to buy the products and fly to Bali to give it to him at the hotel. The family was extremely happy. After such an experience, this particular family was definitely converted into a repeat customer. These stories have two functions. The first is to identify an employees dedication in front of colleagues and second is to emphasize a service value. In the above story of a family in Bali the intension was to reinstate service value No. 7: Use teamwork to meet the individual needs of our guests. This can be considered as an ideal way to express what is expected from the employees. Each story restates the way Ritz expects employees to act and shows how each employee contributes to the service values. Gallo compared two lineups; first a general one and second a more specific meeting for the housekeeping staff on the morning shift. Gallo noticed about both meetings that there was a keen interest these employees showed had outshined the enthusiasm that was observed in other companies. Employees were enthusiastic to share. The stories served as teaching tools. Two, 15-minute lineups across 61 hotels, 365 days a year. The hotel offered many hours of training to its employees but it all will not result in anything concrete unless employees were connected on an emotional level. Sharing stories helps in this matter (Gallo, 2007). Focus on Service Every single Ritz-Carlton staff member is entrusted to use up to $2,000 on a guest. Thats not per year but per incident. It is not used often, but it shows a deep trust in the staffs decision. They could use more than the designated amount after the general managers permission. The notion is to create an extremely amazing stay for a guest. It is not necessary that there is a problem, it could be something as simple as a guests birthday, an employee arranging champagne and cake in the room. Many times $2000 is to create an outstanding experience. The stories include instances of a carpenter being hired to construct a shoe tree for a guest; a laundry manager who when not being able get a stain out of a dress after trying two times took a flight from Puerto Rico to New York and returns back the dress personally; or in Dubai when a server overhears a guest speaking to his wife, on a wheelchair, that he felt bad that he was not able to take her to the beach. The waiter informs the maintenance, and the next afternoon a wooden walkway was created down the beach leading to a tent set up for dinner for them. The general manager was not made aware of this until it was complete (Reiss, 2009). Listening to customers makes it easier to personlize the service. Computers make it easier today. Ritz has a guest recognition system that has data on clients individual preferences (Janelle Maul, 2000, p.225). In an interview conducted with Diana Oreck, Vice President Ritz Carlton Leadership Centre, she throws light on how Ritz Carlton executes service culture. Following are the points made by her: Determine Culture The credo has to be clear and easy to understand. The hotel has steps of service that shows the attitudes toward interactions between employees and customers. The Ritz-Carltons three steps are: Greet guests warmly and sincerely, and use their names. Anticipate and fulfill the guests requests. Bid guests a fond farewell, and use their names. From the above, the most difficult is the second point. One can easily provide service if asked directly. It gets challenging when one has to develop an attitude that enables one to be sensitive enough to clients to foresee their needs (Jankowski, 2008). Surprise and Delight Wanda Jankowski states that recently she had stayed at a Ritz-Carlton to give her presentation. She was losing her voice and was surprised to notice that within five minutes of her arrival, the front desk person who received her during check-in sent to her room a handwritten note and a tea bag in the envelope. The note stated that hot water, lemon, and honey was coming. Hotels can train employees to anticipate clients needs. It can range from being able to sense whether a client needs more information or a suggestion regarding a storage facility while their house is being remodeled. The key is to surprise and delight customers. Employees are not expected to be on autopilot when clients needs are to be anticipated. It is important management and owner of the company to practice what they preach. If theyre not practicing service-centric values, they cant expect it from their employees (Jankowski, 2008). Reinforce Values Daily Ritz Carlton has a two-day formal orientation for its employees. 15 minute meeting are then held daily so that employees can register the cultural values. The companys values and ways to apply them in different situations are discussed. The attendances for these meetings are nonnegotiable. Every Monday and Friday, outstanding examples of customer service are discussed. These examples help in motivating employees and help them absorb service values. These examples include how each employee can treat another employee and guests. An example stated in Ritz -Carlton Atlanta, is of a guest who was asked his preference in a newspaper he would like in the morning. The guest replied that he did not need a paper, but desired a pizza right that moment. Within half an hour a sizzling hot pizza was delivered in his room. Ritz-Carlton has been able to measure through research that satisfied customers spend more money. On average employees have 40 hours to find a solution and make an impact on the customer (Jankowski, 2008). Conclusion Ritz Carlton is a hotel chain that signifies excellence. The service culture that was created in the first hotel in Boston was used as a model to replicate in other branches. Going beyond their call of duty is what Ritz Carltons employees pride themself on. The Gold Standards created by the hotel is followed in all its branches and any one is expected to be discussed every single day. The execution of service culture as stated by the Diana shows how the hotel chain considers it as an integral part of the hotel. Ritz-Carltons success has be in effectively using the information provided by its customers. Treating customers like guests and providing an unforgettable experience is what Ritz-Carlton believes in.

Environmental impact of the life cycle of tap water with the life cycle of glass bottled water

Environmental impact of the life cycle of tap water with the life cycle of glass bottled water Abstract In this report, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to compare the lifecycle of tap water and bottled water using the four assessment methods. The results of inventory analysis and impact assessment shows that the tap water and glass bottled water production processes play an important role in almost all of the analysed parameters. The processes that have was examined include production and transportation, the quantification of the energy used and the potential contributions to impact categories was also evaluated. It was realised that the glass bottle water production shows a relatively higher energy requirement as well as overall higher contribution to environmental impact in Climate change, ozone layer, Exotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, respiratory organics, respiratory inorganics, radiation, carcinogens, land use and minerals. 1:Introduction Presently, industries and businesses are assessing how their activities affect the environment due to increases environmental awareness. Also, the Society is becoming more concerned about the issues of natural resource depletion and environmental degradation and many industries have responded to this awareness by providing sustainable products and using sustainable processes. Drinking water is a basic necessity, but how can this basic need be satisfied in an environmentally friendly manner. This analysis compares the entire life cycle from the water extraction to serving it up in a glass bottle in a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The systems that have been assessed in this study are: the production of inputs of tap water and glass bottle, transportation, energy used and the manufacturing process. This study was carried out with the use of the SimaPro 7 software for the inventory and interpretation of the analysis. Eco-indicator 99 (l) V2.02/Europe El 99 l/l was used as an assessment method in which the various materials and products are weighted with regard to the impact caused by them to the environment. 2:Benefits of conducting Life Cycle Assessment * Life cycle analysis encourages a more informed and broader view of the environmental impact of a product. It helps decision-makers select the product or process that results in the least impact to the environment. This information can be used alongside other factors, such as cost and performance data to select a product or process. * LCA helps to avoids generalisations about the environmental performance of a product in isolation to its total life cycle. Rather, it openly acknowledges the assumptions made, and tests the effects of the assumptions. * LCA allows producers and consumers to compare relatively, the significance of different types of environmental impacts with caution. * LCA helps to avoid the Shifting environmental problems from one place to another; It allows a decision maker to study an entire product system thus, avoiding a sub-optimization that could result if only a single process were the focus of the study. For example, when choosing between two rival products, it may appear that product A is better for the environment because it generates less solid waste than product B. However, after performing an LCA it might be discovered that the first product actually creates larger cradle-to-grave environmental impacts when measured across all three media i.e. air, land and water e.g. it may cause more emissions of chemicals during its manufacturing stage. Therefore, the second product that produces solid more waste may be viewed as producing less cradle-to-grave environmental harm or impact than the first technology due its lower chemical emissions. This ability to track and document shifts in environmental impacts of products can help decision makers to fully characterize the environmental trade-offs associated with product alternatives. By conducting an LCA, analysts will be able to; * Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more specific products to help gain stakeholders acceptance for a planned action. * Quantify the environmental emissions to air, water, and land in relation to each life cycle stage and the major contributing process. * Develop an efficient assessment of the environmental consequences associated with a given product. 3:Challenges encountered in conducting Life Cycle Assessment Performing an LCA could be time and resource intensive. Depending on how comprehensive the user wishes to conduct, gathering the data can be problematic, and the availability of data can greatly impact on the accuracy of the final results. Therefore, it is important to consider the availability of data, the time required to accomplish the study, and the financial resources necessary against the anticipated benefits of the LCA. Table 1 below shows the general challenges of LCA. Table 1:The general challenges and difficulties of LCA methodology. Goal definition and scoping In conducting an LCA, the cost may be prohibitive to small firms; also, the required time to conduct LCA may exceed product development constraints especially for short development cycles; the temporal and spatial magnitude of a dynamic product system are complex to address; definition of functional units for the evaluation of design alternatives can be problematic; allocation methods used in defining system boundaries have inherent weaknesses; complex products (e.g. automobiles) entails huge resources to analyse. Data collection Availability of data and access can be limiting e.g. proprietary data; data quality, including bias, precision completeness and accuracy ,are frequently not well addressed. Data Evaluation Sophisticated models and model parameters for evaluating resource depletion, human health and ecosystem, may not be available or their ability to represent the product system may be repulsive. Thus most times, uncertainty analyses of the results are often not conducted. Information transfer Design decision-makers often lack knowledge about environmental effects, and aggregation and simplification techniques may distort results. Synthesis of environmental effect categories is limited because they are incommensurable. According to (Keoleian, 2003)Both cost and time constraints currently limit the practice of LCA. Most small companies are not likely to be able to afford specializing in LCA and even for larger firms, the benefits of investment in LCA may not be apparent immediately. In some cases, possible cost savings may not be identified unless full cost accounting systems have been instituted. Therefore, in other for it to be more cost effective, it should be incorporated into the existing environmental management system and information systems within a firm. Also, LCA will not conclude on which product is the most cost effective or works the best. Therefore, the information developed in an LCA should be used as one component of a more comprehensive decision process in assessing the trade-offs with cost and performance, an example is Life Cycle Management. 4:Present quality examples of uses of LCA. One example of the uses of Life cycle assessment is its application in the pulp and paper industry. Life cycle assessment is used to compare the environmental impact of the use of two kinds of fuel i.e. heavy fuel oil and natural gas, in the pulp and paper production process. Another, LCA methodology can be applied to agricultural production. An example is the Life cycle analysis of sugar beet production using different forms of nitrogen fertilizers. It could be used in this aspect to quantify and evaluate the impact of the choice of different N fertilisers on the environmental burden associated with the sugar beet production system. Also, it could be applied in the bakery industry. An example is the life cycle analysis of bread production by comparing homemade bread or industrial bread. In this context, it could be used to compare the environmental effects of producing bread at home or at the bakery showing which type of bread production has less environmental effects and how the environmental effects can be reduced. 5:Guidance and LCA standards There are international standard which help us undertake LCAs in a standard way. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) and the ISO technical committees produce international standards on a variety of topics. The ISO 14000 series The ISO 14000 series relates to numerous facets of environmental management. These series includes ISO 14040 14043 and they were prepared by the Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental Management Subcommittee SC 5, Life Cycle Assessment. While ISO recognizes that LCA is still in a growing stage of development, ISO 14040-14043 is a consensus-based, voluntary set of standards pertaining to LCA. ISO 14040 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework: Specifies the general framework, principles, and requirements for conducting and reporting life cycle assessment studies, but does not describe the life cycle assessment technique in detail. ISO 14041 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal scope and definition and inventory analysis: Specifies the requirements and procedures for the compilation and preparation of the definition of goal and scope for an LCA and for performing, interpreting, and reporting a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis. ISO 14042 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment: Describes and gives guidance on the general framework for the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase of LCA, and the key features and inherent limitations of LCIA. It specifies requirements for conducting the LCIA phase and the relationship of LCIA to other LCA phases. ISO 14043 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle interpretation: Provides requirements and recommendations for conducting the life cycle interpretation in LCA or LCI studies. It does not describe specific methodologies for the life cycle interpretation phase of LCA and LCI studies. (Dooley, 2002) ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management Life Cycle Assessment Principles and framework PAS2050:2008 Specification for the assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services (Patterson, 2009) These standards set out the general process that should be followed when undertaking any Life Cycle Assessment and are not legally binding or enforceable. 6:Methodological framework 6.1:General requirements This analysis was performed using a methodological framework based on ISO (International Organization for Standardization) recommendations stated above and according to ISO, there are four phases in LCA: goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation. 6.2:Goal and scope definition 6.2.1: Purpose The purpose of this study is the identification and assessment of the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, disposal and recycling of tap water and glass bottle water. The main reason for conducting this study is to compare the environmental impact of the life cycle of tap water with the life cycle of glass bottled water, to provide information on which of production processes has less environmental impact, to understand which of the processing stages account for the highest or lowest environmental effects and to evaluate how the environmental impacts can be reduced. 6.2.2: Functional Unit (FU) The main purpose of the functional unit is to provide a reference unit to which the inventory data are normalised. In this assessment, the appropriate functional unit of water is related to 1 kg of portable water to be consumed and the equivalent amount which is 750 grams of water in the bottle 6.2.3:Study Questions The study seeks to answer the following questions: * What are the environmental impacts of tap water and glass bottle production? * What are the different materials used in the manufacture of these two products? * Which of the production processes has less environmental impact? 6.2.4: Product description The products being assessed are glass bottle and tap water. The raw material used in the production of glass bottle are dolomite, sand, feldspar, limestone, silica sand, natural gas, 2 litres of water and electricity while the raw material used in the production of the tap water are water from lakes, water from river and underground water, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, charcoal and electricity. 6.2.5: Product system boundaries The system being assessed produces glass bottle water and tap water using the typical life cycle stages. * Cradle to material production for glass bottle and reuse. * Treatment and distribution of tap water. 6.2.6:Process flow charts The process flow for the glass bottle is represented in figure 1 below and it includes the following; Water, dolomite, soda, limestone, feldspar, sand, silica sand, natural gas, electricity, transport and waste disposal (land filling and recycling). Figure 3:The network of the Life cycle analysis of the glass bottled water. Figure 4:The network of the Life cycle analysis of the tap water. 6.4.2:Impact Assessment of the tap water and glass bottle water The comparison is made up of the environmental impact of glass bottled water and tap water. For the glass bottle water, the environmental impact is also determined by the power requirements, the basic infrastructure and in this case, the waste disposal scenario is taken into consideration which involves the recycling of the glass. The power requirements and basic infrastructures includes; Electricity, soda powder at the plant, natural gas, transport, manufacturing of the empty white glass bottle and assembly of glass bottle full of water. The analysis of the inventory carried out for the tap water shows that the environmental impact of tap water is determined by power requirements and by the basic infrastructure i.e. the electricity production medium, the pump station, portable water , water supply network and supply of water. By contrast, the recycling equipment used in water treatment is less relevant in this context. The power consumption figures (percentages) are relatively accurate as they make a 100%. Eco Eco-indicator 99 (l) V2.02/Europe El 99 l/l method was used in this study with regards to all the impact categories. For each of the two systems analysed using the SimaPro 7 LCA software, the potential contribution to climate change, ozone layer, Exotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, respiratory organics, respiratory inorganics, radiation, carcinogens, land use and minerals are characterized. The results are presented below in histograms and in tables. Generally there are 3 steps in Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, namely: * Classification and characterization, * Normalization, and * Weighting Classification and characterization are mandatory element while normalization and weighting are optional elements (Guinee, 2002; Hauschild, Jeswiet, Alting, 2005; ISO14000, 2000). 6.4.3:Characterisation Chart 1:The characterisation under impact assessment for the life cycle analysis of the glass bottle. According to the characterisation chart above, the environmental impact is at the waste disposal scenario and assemble of glass bottle full of water but less at the transport process for all the impact categories. Table 4:Table showing the characterisation result of the impact category in glass bottled water Climate change Climate change is the change in the statistical distribution of weather over a period of time ranging from decades to millions of years. From chart 1 above, the main cause of climate change is more evident during the assembly of glass bottle full of water, emission of CO2, NOx, SO2 etc during the waste disposal stages and at the transport stage due to emission of CO2 by the lorry. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 1.49E-9, -5.92E-8 and 1.31E-9 respectively. Ozone layer The ozone layer is a layer in Earths atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs about 93-99% of the suns high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the ozone layer is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 3.71E-11, -7.45E-12 and 6.47E-13 respectively. Ecotoxicity Ecotoxicity refers to the potential for biological, chemical or physical stressors that affects the ecosystems. Such stressors might occur in the natural environment at concentrations, densities or levels high enough to disrupt the natural biochemistry, behaviour and interactions of the living organisms that comprise the ecosystem. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the ecotoxicity is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00779, -0.0171and 0.000516 respectively. Acidification/eutrophication Acidification is a natural process used to describe the loss of nutrient bases i.e. calcium, magnesium and potassium through the process of leaching and their replacement by acidic elements such as hydrogen and aluminium. Eutrophication is the increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an level that it increases the primary productivity of the ecosystem. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the Acidification/eutrophication is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.022, -0.00425 and 0.000211 respectively. Respiratory organics From chart 1 above, the main cause of the respiratory organics is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 2.2E-10, -8.4E-11 and 2.02E-11 respectively. Respiratory inorganics From chart 1 above, the main cause of the respiratory inorganics is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 3.57E-7, -1.56E-7 and 2.94E-9 respectively. Radiation Radiation is energy that travels in form of waves or high-speed particles. It occurs naturally in sunlight and sound waves. If exposed to small amounts of radiation over a long time, it increases the risk of cancer and it can also cause mutations in genes, which could be pass on to generations after exposure. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the radiation is the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 1.11E-10,-1.25E-11 and 1.02E-12 respectively. Carcinogens A carcinogen is any substance or radiation, that is an agent directly involved in the exacerbation of cancer or in the increase of its propagation. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the carcinogen is the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 1.99E-8,-1.03E-8 and 3.41E-10 respectively. Land use Land use is the modification of natural environment into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. From chart 1 above, the major impact on land use is caused by the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00345,-0.00942 and 0.000176 respectively. Minerals Minerals are naturally occurring solid formed through geological processes with characteristic chemical compositions, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. From chart 1 above, the major impact on mineral is caused by the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00586,-0.00357 and 0.00034 respectively. NB: From the characterisation impact category, the negative number for the waste disposal stage is caused by the uptake of carbon from the atmosphere during the water disposal scenario. Chart 2:The characterisation under impact assessment for the life cycle analysis of the tap water. From the characterisation chart above, the environmental impact occurred at the supply of water stage for all the impact categories. Table 5:Table showing the characterisation result of the impact in the tap water 6.4.4:Normalization Normalization is defined as the extent to which an impact category contributes to the total environmental burden (Guinee, 2002). When the values are normalized, comparison between impacts can be made. From chart 3 below, It was found that the main impact is from the assembly of glass bottle full of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are; Carbon dioxide, fossil, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, lead, nitrogen oxides, particulates and sulphur oxide emissions that occurred during the manufacturing of the empty white glass bottle. The second impact is the waste disposal, this impact is caused during the waste scenario. The third impact being transport caused due to emission from the lorry taking the bottles to the retailer. Chart 3:The normalisation under impact assessment for the life cycle of glass bottled water Table 6: The normalisation under impact assessment for the glass bottled water. Chart 4: The normalisation under impact assessment for the life cycle of tap water From the chart 4 above, It was found that the main impact is from the supply of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are aluminium, chloride and chlorine emissions that occurred during the production of the portable water. Table 7: The normalisation under impact assessment for the tap water 6.4.5:Weighting Weighting is a process by which indicators are aggregated into a single score. It makes use subjective weighting factors (Soares, Toffoletto, Deschenes, 2006). Based on table 7, the weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of the glass bottled water is given the same as normalization. The main impact occurred at the assembly of glass bottle full of water. Followed by waste disposal and transport impact. Chart 5: The weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of glass bottled water Table 8:The weighting under impact assessment for the glass bottled water Chart 6:The weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of tap water Based on table 8 below, the weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of the tap water is given the same as the normalization. The main impact from the supply of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are aluminium, chloride and chlorine emissions that occurred during the production of the portable water. Table 9:The weighting under impact assessment for the tap water Conclusion / Recommendation From the analysis conducted, tap water contributed the least damage to the environment while glass bottle contributed the highest damage to this category. However, tap water still contributed even at a moderate effect and efforts are needed based on reducing the damages that could happen. Thus, from an environmental point of view, tap water is generally preferable to glass bottled water. If, as an exception, bottled water is consumed, its production process is much more relevant for its environmental impact than its assembly. Among the impacts identified are; * The empty glass bottles production process contributes damages to the human health and the ecosystem quality. * The electricity generation process which uses natural gas has reduced the natural resource. To overcome these problems, suggestions of corrections are as follows: 1. The use of plastic bottles water to replace the glass bottle water 2. The reliance on natural gas for electricity generation is suggested to be combined with other two types of renewable electricity generation namely: * Using 25% solar energy (considering most manufacturing industries to divert into the use of solar energy). * Using 25% hydro-electric energy 25% considering the fact that electricity could be generated from the flowing water in the water treatment plant. * Using 50% natural gas. References Air pollution information system website (2010) Acidification [online] Available from: http://www.apis.ac.uk/overview/issues/overview_acidification.htm [Accessed 12th April 2010] British Standard, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. ISO 14040, 2010. Curran (2006) US EPA Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice. US EPA; Office of Research and Development; NRMRL; Sustainable Technology Division. Dooley. R (2001) Life Cycle Assessment Tools to Measure Environmental Impacts: Assessing Their Applicability to the Home Building Industry. NAHB Research Centre, Inc. 400 Prince Georges Blvd. Upper Marlboro, MD 20774 Jungbluth (2006) Comparison of the Environmental Impact of Tap Water vs. Bottled Mineral Water. i -ESU-services, Kanzleistrasse 4, CH-8610 Uster, Switzerland Keoleian. A (2003) The application of life cycle assessment to design. National Pollution Prevention Center, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 430 E. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115, USA Lopes. E and Dias. A et al (2002) Application of life cycle assessment to the Portuguese pulp and paper industry. Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal, Journal of Cleaner Production 11 (2003) 51-59. Medline Plus website (2010) Radiation Exposure [online] Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationexposure.html [Accessed 12th April 2010] Patterson. T (2009) LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA). Sustainable Environment research centre, University of Glamorgan.

Essay --

When should the Fed begin â€Å"its exit† from expansionary monetary policy? Or is this even the wrong question and should we instead be discussing further expansionary policy that can be conducted by the Fed? As Janet Yellen stated clearly in her recent testimony before the Senate Banking Committee, now is not the time for the Fed to begin â€Å"its exit† from expansionary monetary policy. Until inflation comes closer to the Fed target of 2 percent or the unemployment rate begins to steadily decline, the Fed should in fact be looking to further expansionary policy to give the economy all the help it can get. The current state of the U.S. economy in terms of unemployment, inflation and growth, allow this unique situation to be brought into light. The unemployment rate is in about three percentage points higher than it was seven years ago, before the start of the economic downturn. The employment-to-population ratio is about five percentage points lower, and it has not succeeded in recovering much since the trough of the recession. Furthermore, in a dataset compiled since 1948 the average unemployed person has been looking for work before the crisis was 22 weeks, in the aftermath of the recession of 1981-1982 (Mankiw). In the most recent recession, however, the average reached about 41 weeks and still stands at more than 36 weeks – an unprecedented number of long-term unemployment. The Fed, breaking from its historic emphasis on subduing inflation, has used inflation as a tool to solve the financial crisis and keep prices rising about 2 percent a year. Rising prices encourage consumption, increases profits, increases borrowing and investment spending. Yet despite this goal, inflation rose at an annual pace of 1.2 percent in August, just... ...useholds and businesses (consumption and investment) increases purchase of real estate, which increases the price of homes. Though increased housing prices and increased employment are both effects of expansionary monetary policy, higher housing prices do not necessarily benefit employment. Or in other words, higher housing prices do not directly benefit employment but are sometimes take to be a signal that employment is on the rise. On Wash’s point, he says that in some sense the Fed’s economic models have been â€Å"basically wrong for about 4 or 5 years.† By this he means that the models did not anticipate the crisis, or were imply incorrect during the past 4 or 5 years of the recession. The models do not take into account that policy response might be different, rather, they take into account a pattern of â€Å"snapping-back† to where they once were at a point in history.

Egalitarianism and the Cash Economy among the Central Kalahari San Essa

Egalitarianism and the Cash Economy among the Central Kalahari San Jiro Tanaka’s research on the Central Kalahari San explored the changes in the San society and determined the overall effects on the culture. Tanaka looked at a group of people who had recently switched from a hunting and gathering existence to a more sedentary way of life. She found that though there were differences in the everyday lives of the San, they were able to preserve their language, cultural identity, and egalitarian ideals. Tanaka attributes the changes in the San society to influences by the government and Christian missionaries in the 1970s. Tanaka’s research, which occurred in the 1980s, found that the San’s views on labor, the way goods were given and received, and their value system had altered as a result of their contact with outside groups. The groups promoting these changes were attempting to modernize the San. The various groups in the Central Kalahari began to lead sedentary lifestyles built around villages which included schools, medical facilities, a permanent water supply, and agricultural systems. The changes in the San society were far reaching. Sedentary living meant that higher concentrations of people were living in smaller areas, and the gatherers soon found the plant resources almost depleted in the area around the settlement. In addition, collective equestrian hunting gained prominence over solo bow-and-arrow hunting. Though some families have been successful at livestock raising and cultivation of crops, Tanaka found that these are not significant contributors to the economy of the San. The idea of a dominant cash economy was completely new to the San. Before the 1980s, they had only traded on a sm... ...bility to reproduce themselves as a society while limiting the accumulation of wealth and power" (1993:174). Thus, like Tanaka, Lee believes that though they have altered their lifestyle, the Dobe have not abandoned their fundamental ideal of egalitarianism. They have managed to assert some control over the degree to which their society is modernizing. The analyses formed by Lee and Tanaka leads one to question to role of the hunter-gatherer society in the present mindset of those who study these cultures. Do we feel as if modernization de-romanticizes our conception of hunter-gather societies? Is it possible that groups are happier in with their new lifestyles? Is it possible for us to decide what is best for these groups? Was change inevitable? These are just some of the questions which come to mind when exploring the changes in different cultural groups.

Experimentation in Literature in the 1920s Essay -- essays papers

Experimentation in Literature in the 1920s The year 1920 opened a decade that proved to be like none other before it, a decade that was to shake the world. The 1920's changed the way the world worked, for it was a time of discovery and achievement through improvisation and experimentation, when in the past everything had been carefully labored over, and thought out thoroughly. A few of these discoveries and achievements, and the men who accomplished them, stand out from the rest. With James Joyce and the publication of his massive masterpiece Ulysses, T.S. Eliot, and the publication of his brilliant and stunning poem The Waste Land, and F. Scott Fitzgerald and the publication of his complex and tragic The Great Gatsby, the 1920's were indeed a time of amazing discovery and achievement through experimentation and improvisation. T.S. Eliot published The Waste Land in 1922, and the world of poetry changed forever. Yet his experiments in form and style began long before The Waste Land was ever published. Eliot was developing his unique style, as demonstrated in several of his early poems. Noticeable among these poems is the powerful work The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, which received much critical acclaim after being published in America. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, or just Prufrock, as many critics called it demonstrated his combination of blatant pessimism and withering hopes and desires with the sterility of modern life. Another shocking feature in the poem was the juxtaposition of the brilliantly original verse with the cliched, something that made his style very unique; never before had anyone so daringly put the common language and the esoteric together in such a fashion. Prufrock effectively presen... ...ng Company, 1996 Anderson, Chester, James Joyce. New York, Thames/ Hudson, 1967. Brownstone, David and Irene Frank, Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Canada, Little-Brown and Company, 1996. Daniel, Clifton, editor, Chronicle of the Twentieth Century. United States, Harper and Row, 1990. Daniels, Jonathan, The Time Between the Wars. United States, Doubleday, 1966. Day, Martin, A Handbook of American Literature. New York, Crane, Russak, and Company, Inc., 1975. Ellman, Richard, James Joyce. United States, Oxford Press, 1959. "F. Scott Fitzgerald", Gale's Discovering Authors, 1995. "James Joyce", Gale's Discovering Authors, 1995. Severn, William, The End of the Roaring Twenties. United States, Simon and Shuster, 1969. Tate, Allen, editor, T.S. Eliot and His Work. United States, University of the South, 1966. "T.S. Eliot", Gale's Discovering Authors, 1995. Experimentation in Literature in the 1920s Essay -- essays papers Experimentation in Literature in the 1920s The year 1920 opened a decade that proved to be like none other before it, a decade that was to shake the world. The 1920's changed the way the world worked, for it was a time of discovery and achievement through improvisation and experimentation, when in the past everything had been carefully labored over, and thought out thoroughly. A few of these discoveries and achievements, and the men who accomplished them, stand out from the rest. With James Joyce and the publication of his massive masterpiece Ulysses, T.S. Eliot, and the publication of his brilliant and stunning poem The Waste Land, and F. Scott Fitzgerald and the publication of his complex and tragic The Great Gatsby, the 1920's were indeed a time of amazing discovery and achievement through experimentation and improvisation. T.S. Eliot published The Waste Land in 1922, and the world of poetry changed forever. Yet his experiments in form and style began long before The Waste Land was ever published. Eliot was developing his unique style, as demonstrated in several of his early poems. Noticeable among these poems is the powerful work The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, which received much critical acclaim after being published in America. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, or just Prufrock, as many critics called it demonstrated his combination of blatant pessimism and withering hopes and desires with the sterility of modern life. Another shocking feature in the poem was the juxtaposition of the brilliantly original verse with the cliched, something that made his style very unique; never before had anyone so daringly put the common language and the esoteric together in such a fashion. Prufrock effectively presen... ...ng Company, 1996 Anderson, Chester, James Joyce. New York, Thames/ Hudson, 1967. Brownstone, David and Irene Frank, Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Canada, Little-Brown and Company, 1996. Daniel, Clifton, editor, Chronicle of the Twentieth Century. United States, Harper and Row, 1990. Daniels, Jonathan, The Time Between the Wars. United States, Doubleday, 1966. Day, Martin, A Handbook of American Literature. New York, Crane, Russak, and Company, Inc., 1975. Ellman, Richard, James Joyce. United States, Oxford Press, 1959. "F. Scott Fitzgerald", Gale's Discovering Authors, 1995. "James Joyce", Gale's Discovering Authors, 1995. Severn, William, The End of the Roaring Twenties. United States, Simon and Shuster, 1969. Tate, Allen, editor, T.S. Eliot and His Work. United States, University of the South, 1966. "T.S. Eliot", Gale's Discovering Authors, 1995.

Different Studies Define Organizational Commitment Commerce Essay

This chapter provides the debut of this thesis. First the background sing the research is discussed. It besides provides the importance of this survey with the job treatment which will assist the reader understand the intent and research inquiries. Now yearss in organisations, committedness has become really popular topic of involvement. Commitment is of import in organisation and every bit good as effect of a figure of work related variables. Different surveies define organisational committedness otherwise like committedness targeted specifically toward the organisation as an administrative entity. The construct of organisational committedness can be comprises of followerss. Our society roars and develops, the employee`s committedness towards organisation becomes more bleary and dissolves. Now twenty-four hours ‘s employees are happening it hard and difficult for them to remain committed within the organisation. Different factors consequence employee committedness otherwise. It includes certain committednesss to the director, profession, businesss or calling. The construct of organisational committedness can be divided into three different types: Â · Affective committedness which refers to employees ‘ emotional fond regard, designation and engagement towards the organisation. Employees with a strong committedness usage to remain within the organisation because they want to stay in the organisation. Â · Continuance committedness which refers to employees ‘ appraisal ; means the cost of go forthing the organisation is greater than the costs of remaining within the organisation. From employees point of position the costs of go forthing the organisation is greater than the costs of remaining with the organisation because they need to remain in the organisation because they do n't hold any other pick while merely remaining in the organisation. Â · Normative committedness refers to employees ‘ feeling of duty ( responsibility ) to. Employees ‘ committedness consists of work committedness, organisational committedness and calling committedness. Organizational committedness can besides be defined as employee ‘s engagement and his/ her degree of dedication, earnestness and trueness towards his/her organisation in order to accomplish organisational ends and aims.1.1 BACKGROUNDIn this portion Employee ‘s committedness in the telecommunication industry of Pakistan is traveling to be discussed. In economic sector Telecommunication is one of the of import economic sectors in the universe economic system. It besides has some impact on our lives as persons, on our concern in footings of efficiency and effectivity and client service on the footing of every state ‘s fight as a profitable economic system. On the other manus in concern environment, employees use to confront figure of force per unit areas to execute harmonizing to corporate outlooks. These sorts of force per unit areas are frequently created by extremely competitory concern environments, environments which can give uninterrupted alteration and internal redesign or even nerve-racking working conditions for the employees.1.2 TelecommunicationOne of the most of import economic sectors in the universe is Telecommunication sector. It besides has a major impact on our lives as persons, on our concern in footings of efficiency and effectivity and every state ‘s fight as a profitable economic system. Currently Pakistan ‘s telecommunications ‘ industry comprises of five major service suppliers that are ; Mobilink, Telenor, Ufone, Warid and Zong.1.3.1 MobilinkMobilink Pakistan is the most Cellular Company usage to claims to hold 10 Millions Subscribers within state broad. Mobilink was the first one to establish cellular web in Pakistan. They established themselves as the major cellular company of Pakistan. Covering about every metropolis of Pakistan. Mobilink is a large company that is why they are still expensive as comparison to other companies like Ufone and Warid Tele etc. As bulk of people are utilizing Mobilink services this is the ground why Mobilink is still bear downing high rates from people particularly from those people who belongs to concern category and these people hesitate to exchange to any other web to other cellular company. Mobilink has the largest endorsers in Pakistan. They had besides started GPRS services with Rs. 500/month of limitless use. Mobilink besides had started service of 3 friend and household figure with charges of merely 2.2s/min still expensive as compared to Warid and other webs. Mobilink has a good good adequate substructure and a good established web. The Website of Mobilink is designed in a manner that it gives the feeling to the users like professionals are sitting behind to pull off it. Everything is clearly described on the Website and it ‘s easy to run. Mobilink is a major cellular company and it stands in first topographic point. The lone drawback Mobilink is confronting that is it ‘s the call rates which are really high ( expensive ) .1.3.2 TelenorTelenor operates in about 13 markets universe broad and each on of those operates completed for the Best Brand Awards for the twelvemonth 2007. The 2007 Telenor Brand Awards was given to Telenor of Pakistan. Executive Vice President and caput of Global Coordination Ragnar Korsaeth, presented the award to Telenor Pakistan as he says, the victor of this Award 2007 i.e. Telenor, because it has built up its trade name penchants significantly above its market portion. The company has its highest client ‘s degree of satisfaction in extremely competitory market. Telenor is a subordinate. It launched its GSM Mobile services on 15th March 2005.1.3.3 UfoneUfone is a subordinate of PTCL and was established to supply cellular services across Pakistan. Currently Ufone is supplying quality services to its endorsers across Pakistan. Ufone has presently lowered down its naming rates as compared to other webs. With the support of PTCL, Ufone ever provides quality services to its endorsers. GPRS services of Ufone are the best available in the market. They are ever concerted and listen to the jobs of their endorsers and work out them every bit early as possible. Ufone offers particular characteristics like Internet Bill payment for the first clip in Pakistan. They are ever a caput from other webs in supplying quality services. The best characteristic which is offered by Ufone is Web2SMS Chat Mobile banking wage via SMS. Around 3 million endorsers are utilizing Ufone web and it is still turning. Ufone is one of the best cellular companies in Pakistan with dependable coverage to over 100 metropoliss.1.3.4 WaridIn Pakistan May 2005, Warid launched it services and this Warid tel is operated by Abu Dhabi group which is led by Sheikh Nahyan Mabarak Al Nahayan. It has achieved a landmark by establishing its services to about 6,250 finishs, in Pakistan and spread outing its quality of services around 486 metropoliss. Warid telecom has some good characteristics like low naming rates 30 unsweet charge. It is bettering its coverage and hopes it will be improved as the company grows. Major draw dorsum it has a slowest GPRS service. Warid to Warid call rates are inexpensive but particularly at darks sometimes it has web busy mistakes other than that it works all right. Warid telecom is confronting some current jobs it should supply redresss for these job in order to capture more market as their naming rates are assuring.1.3.5 ZongFirst International trade name of China Mobil is launched in Pakistan is Zong, in order to authorise the people of Pakistan in every corner of the state. The nucleus component of Zong is to let people to pass on freely, web coverage. Zong is supported by component like land interruption communications, tendency puting client service and an odd merchandise offering which will redefine regulations of the game. Zong is a difficult struggler to be at figure one topographic point. Zong offer its client with amusements and advanced services and besides authorise them by giving a assortment of merchandises and services.1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThe intent of the survey is to happen out that to what certain extent does some variables affects and address employee ‘s committedness towards an organisation and what impact it has on overall employee`s public presentation in the organisation. This is based on private sectors of telecom industry embedded with the committedness of employees towards the organisation.1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENTThis survey is researching the relation among step ining variables ( occupation satisfaction, trueness, growing, inducements, working environment, communicating, authorization, motive and preparation ) and independent variable ( employee committedness ) and its effects upon the dependant variable ( organisational public presentation ) . It has been found out after preliminary probe that employees are less committed within the organisat ion due to holding less ownership in their work, low occupation satisfaction, non plenty fruitful inducements, hapless working environment, deficiency of growing and employee trueness within organisation and all other hapless employee satisfaction factors like deficiency of preparation, authorization, motive and hapless communicating process within the organisation, which consequences in high turnover rate in private sector of telecom organisation.1.5 OBSERVATION AND RESEARCH QUESTIONSIt is based upon high turnover rate in the telecom industry therefore the investigated factors impacting the committedness of employees and its consequence on organisations. Besides to look into and find the relationship between certain variable and turn toing the undermentioned inquiries: 1. Is there a important relationship between organisational trueness and employee committedness, 2. Is there a important relationship between organisational growing and employee committedness, 3. Is there a important relationship between organisation inducements and employee committedness, 4. Is there a important relationship between working environment and employee committedness, 5. Is there a important relationship between occupation satisfaction and employee committedness. Independent variable: employee committedness Dependent variable: better organisational development Intervening variable: occupation satisfaction, trueness, growing, inducements, working environment, overall employee satisfaction Result: better organisational public presentation1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe success of any organization`s hereafter concern scheme relay on a great trade of it employee ‘s committedness degrees. It besides depends upon on the organisational leading to actuate, to pull and to retain committed employees for future concern aims. Theoretically, this survey added to the organic structure of cognition on the general topic of employee committedness. From a practical point of position, there is a nexus between affectional organisational committedness and productiveness in footings of results such as occupation public presentation and attending. Therefore, it is assumed that this survey will be of involvement to subdivision directors, human resource decision makers, and individuals who work straight with employees in the telecommunication industry.1.8 SUMMARY OF THESISChapter 1In the gap subdivision of Chapter 1, it includes the debut of research subject and back land for the research inquiry. For this survey Problem statement, intent of the survey, significance of the survey and the research inquiries were used.Chapter 2This chapter contains a literature reappraisal related to the factors lending towards employee committedness and what impact it has on organisational public presentation.Chapter 3This chapter focu ses on the research methodological analysis. The research inquiry, trying processs, instrument, data-gathering processs and the method of analysis are discussed in it.Chapter 4This chapter explains research and findings of the survey on the footing of independent, dependent and intervening variables through the aid of arrested development and correlativity.Chapter 5In this chapter an detailed positions of deductions, restrictions and suggestions are provided. Besides these all chapter at the terminal References and Appendix are besides are given.

Apple Management Essay

Why was Dubinsky initially successful? Her first 3 years at apple from July 1981 through the fall of 1984 was ones continuous success with increasing authority and recognition. She refined and formalized the apple product distribution policy. She exactly understood apple situation in market and create a marketing execution funnel that Apple Company didn’t have this system before. She and her group took all apple products from their respective manufacturing sites to the dealers. They improved warehousing, customer service, credit, repair service, order entry, and a technical group to assist dealers. She was risk taker. Maintained relationship with apple dealers. Willingly and ably fought for her subordinates and for apple dealers and customers. Focused primarily on her caring and honest relationship with her subordinates, Worked closely with 6 distribution centers across the country, She always supported company decision even if she didn’t agree with it. She always had a company’s interest at heart, she was extremely intelligent, had a great sense of humor, had a good ability in presentation, she was self confident, she was very direct. How and why did things unravel? Steve Jobs forced Coleman to do Dubinsky’s job and set up a new distribution plan, and it was more than new distribution system. It was a total change in distribution and manufacturing strategy, taking apple from supply-driven to demand-driven and reducing the distribution and warehouse centers from six to zero, it focused only on central processing units, ignoring apple’s other products, there was no provision for customer complaints and product returns; it was inconvenient for dealers who would be required to split their request between the two product divisions and their respective directors of manufacturing. How did Dubinsky react and why? It was unfair from the side of Dubinsky because it should have been his job to prepare a new system for distribution if required. She found the wrong parts in the distribution plan of Coleman but she could not persuade others to change the company marketing strategy and they did not give her a chance to change or improve that. It’s obvious that she took an emotional decision. But she decided and made an ultimatum: if Campbell did not agree to her terms, she would leave apple. And after that she wrote her letter of resignation, she told weaver about her ultimatum. How should she and others at apple handle the circumstances differently? Steve Jobs was forcing Coleman to do Dubinsky’s job and set up a new distribution plan, and Jobs was doing that because he could make Coleman think in Job’s way, since he was working in Jobs division as director of manufacturing. But that was unfair from the side of Dubinsky because it should have been his job to prepare a new system for distribution if required, since she was responsible for distribution. In that situation, we cannot blame Dubinsky for getting offended; but on the other hand, it’s obvious that she took an emotional decision. She should have acted more professionally. She had already found the wrong parts in the distribution plan of Coleman. Other then criticizing, she should have spent her time on setting up another and new distribution plan. It is obvious that, Apple could reduce its costs with a new distribution system, so that, change was required and it would be done so mehow. She could have harmonized the system that Apple was already using and the system which was proposed by Coleman. It seems like some of the products that Apple manufactured were not suitable for the Just-in-time distribution system, and some of them were suitable. So they could use just-in-time system for some products, but also use the existing distribution system for the required products. That could reduce the number of warehouses and reduce the costs. Probably she should have come up with a new plan. She didn’t want any interventions from the outside while setting up her plan, but, that was an emotional reaction too. The ultimatum she gave was a wrong attitude. She should took recommendations and advice and evaluate a new plan for distribution. How do you explain the success of the transformation? Transformation is successful if improved efficiency and outcome or simplified the way to achievement. In order to remain successful, most businesses need to continually transform and reinvent themselves. Companies who understand this principle are better prepared for the future, and can adjust if need be to the changing world around them. Here are four guidelines that are important to the business transformation process. In order to have a successful transformation we need to: Understand our Company and Its Values understand our goals, set ourselves apart from others, decide our own future. Products and services may come and go, but a company should always remain true to its core values. It is not enough just to have goals. You also have to understand and completely believe in them. Even if you are in the process of transforming certain parts of your business, it is important to stay focused on the primary goals. Make sure you understand why your business exists, and how it makes a difference to your customers. Successful companies almost always have something about them that is just a bit different from their competitors. This is where business transformation can really come into play. Many times a company can greatly increase their level of success and profitability by just revising a few small details. Stay true to your overall goals and mission, but never stop searching for ways to add value and innovation to your company. What was done well and what could have been done differently? AACP had been transformed from an unprofitable hierarchical and demoralized organization whose very existence was at stake, to a profitable, modern and existing company. Bringing in senior managers from outside the industry to replace the old guard revitalized the entire organization .significant effort went into developing new insurance products .expanding distribution and launching bold marketing campaigns, started to actively engage with the local community. Set out to regain AACP’s position as Thailand number two life insurer .finding a replacement for the former chief agency .major change in how agents get paid. Build relationships. Exchange sales techniques .listen to motivational speakers and insurance industry leaders. Reorganization the agency sales force, restructuring the product portfolio, rebuilding the management team, re designing the work environment, reinforcing people management and†¦ but all these changes was regardless to culture factors and there was not sufficient time for employees and customers to adopt with these abrupt changes. It was better first persuade employees and customers about changes. Preparation is necessary before change. What is different about how transformation change works (or not) in Southeast Asia? Each of the Southeast Asian states and the manifold societies of which they are composed are going through incisive processes of transformation. Southeast Asia has long been identified and recognized as one of the most promising and thriving economic regions in the world, and thus inevitably a potential attraction for companies that want to expand their business activities. Singapore, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Brunei, Philippines and Vietnam are enlisted among the fastest growing economies in the world. millions people has earned Southeast Asia a huge base of purchasing power and enriched it in terms of infrastructure development, communication and information technology, power sectors and environment. The members of ASEAN are a great market export destination for Canada after China. The entire credit goes to the explosive economic expansion and an equally strong demand. This happens not only because Southeast Asia has a strong foothold in foreign markets, but also because it gets huge tax benefits from different foreign countries. The strategic location, pro-business environment, attractive tax regulations, skilled labor, technologically superior infrastructure, competent legal set up, upstart lifestyle and a government that is stable as well as proactive, together contribute to the business culture of Southeast Asia. . Southeast Asia attracts a large number of international firms every year. As compared to the other Asian countries, Southeast Asia calls for the least amount of operations. Apart from the tourism industry, huge revenue is generated from trades and expo Southeast Asia is witnessing a huge boom in the IT industry as well. The IT industry is making its hub there and reducing their operational cost substantially. A number of companies in this region derive immense benefit from the similarities in terms of culture, language and even accents. Over all, it can rightly be said that the business culture of Southeast Asia is such that the region is constantly moving high towards the pinnacle of economic growth and justifying itself as a region of increased importance in today’s world of globalization. Clusters of dynamic economies that include the ‘newly emerging’ as well as the ‘highly developed’ are constantly operating and growing as per their characteristic manners and disciplines. All major world religions were established in Southeast Asia. In the course of their introduction to local societies, Hinduism (Bali, Java), Theravada Buddhism (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia), Sunni Islam (Indonesia, Malaysia), Christianity (Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam), Confucianism and Daoism (Vietnam) were adapted to, and transformed by, these societies’ beliefs and their ritually enacted ideas about the Socio-political, cosmological and moral order, with all these different in languages, cultures and religions. It is almost impossible to survive without change.